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中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******

  中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文·麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。

  资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀摄

  由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。

  麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。

  一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。

  此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。

  作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。

  美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。

  这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。

  从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。

  两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。

  House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy

  (ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".

  The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.

  Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.

  On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.

  On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.

  Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.

  As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.

  But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.

  CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.

  This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.

  Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.

  From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.

  Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.

  The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.

中央农村工作会议系列解读①短期对策与长效措施并举 坚决防止整村整乡返贫******

  作者:郭君平、刘合光、曲颂,中国农业科学院农业经济与发展研究所、北京市习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心

  近期,习近平总书记在中央农村工作会议上强调,“巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果是全面推进乡村振兴的底线任务,要继续压紧压实责任,把脱贫人口和脱贫地区的帮扶政策衔接好、措施落到位,坚决防止出现整村整乡返贫现象”。这一重要论述是对中央经济工作会议关于“坚决防止出现规模性返贫”精神的深化细化和实化,明确了未来区域性防贫战略应以脱贫不稳定村(乡)、边缘易致贫村(乡)为基本瞄准单元。巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果是底线任务,防止出现整村整乡返贫现象则是底线的底线,必须坚决防止整村整乡返贫。

  整村整乡返贫,顾名思义,是指某一建制村或乡镇区域内同时出现较大数量的返贫人口;相较因变故或生计挫折所致的偶发性、零散型个体返贫现象,整村整乡返贫是外部风险冲击与群体贫困脆弱性共同作用的结果,兼具短期集中爆发、局部密集返贫、传染效应以及链式反应等多重特征,其发生机理与社会影响更为复杂,亟须引起各界更多关注和重视。

  当前,受国际形势变化、新冠疫情反复、极端天气冲击、地质灾害多发以及政策缺位或退出失序等诸多因素的影响,我国经济发展环境的复杂性、严峻性、不确定性上升,给巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果带来较大挑战。例如,部分地区出现农畜牧产品严重滞销、卖难问题,导致一批脱贫监测户的经营性收入大幅减少;部分地区外出务工渠道受阻,灵活就业岗位供应不足,导致一批脱贫监测户(被迫返乡)的工资性收入断崖式下降;部分地区为防控疫情实施了不同程度的交通管控,导致一批脱贫监测户的生产资料难以得到及时补充(经营成本上涨);部分地区遭受多种自然灾害,导致一批脱贫监测户“因灾返贫”等,不一而足。

  那么,如何防止整村整乡返贫?这既需要短期采取保障性防范性对策,也需要长期采取长效性发展性行动。

  从短期来看,要“两手抓,两手都要硬”。一手紧抓综合保障,兜底覆盖脱贫监测户的基本生计。对完全丧失劳动能力和部分丧失劳动能力的脱贫监测户,要全面落实农村低保、城乡居民基本养老保障以及特困人员救助等综合性社会保障措施,切实做到应纳尽纳、应保尽保;对因遭遇突发事件、意外伤害、重大疾病、突发公共卫生事件、自然灾害等导致基本生活暂时陷入困境的农户给予急难社会救助。另一手紧抓防贫保险,及时化解脱贫监测户的生活生产风险。鼓励各地多渠道筹措社会帮扶资金,为脱贫监测户购买防贫保险。防贫保险立足“未贫先防”和“扶防结合”,通过“政保联办、群体参保、基金管理、阳光操作”的运作模式,以市场化机制筑牢返贫致贫“拦水坝”,可确保脱贫监测户的可支配收入相对稳定,从而有效解决边脱边返、边扶边增的“沙漏式”减贫困境。

  从长期来看,应多管齐下,形成长效机制。一是培育特色优势产业,强化产业帮扶。始终把乡村特色产业作为致富支柱,按照“因地制宜、依托资源、突出特色、连片开发”的要求,构建“一村一品”“一乡一业”农业产业体系;同时,健全产业利益联结机制,通过产业奖补、技术指导、小额信贷、股份合作等多种形式,让脱贫监测户“嵌”入“产业链”,从而获得更多产业链增值收益,实现收入持续稳定增长。

  二是瞄准返乡脱贫劳动力,强化就地就近就业帮扶。主要举措包括开发公益性岗位稳岗、支持农村创业增岗、推广以工代赈拓岗以及壮大县域经济扩岗。

  三是发展壮大新型集体经济,让成员公平共享更多红利。新型集体经济在促进农民持续增收、优化农村分配秩序、提升公共服务水平等方面均有积极作用,未来可在明晰村集体内部成员权的基础上,以股权为纽带跨村建立集体经济联合社,探索集体经济多村联营制,以最大化实现“资源变资产、资金变股金、农民变股东”。

  四是开展“志智双扶”,提升脱贫监测户自我发展能力。巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果,“扶志”与“扶智”仍是基础。党的二十大报告也指出要“巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果,增强脱贫地区和脱贫群众内生发展动力”,这既是新征程上中国共产党对持续抓好巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果的庄严承诺,更道出了推进巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果同乡村振兴有效衔接的关键所在。因此,当前及今后一段时期还应帮助脱贫监测户破除“等、靠、要”思想,不断增强“自我造血”机能。

  “胜非其难也,持之者其难也”。脱贫攻坚取得全面胜利之后,防范化解整村整乡返贫风险、巩固脱贫攻坚成果是实现乡村全面振兴的基础和前提,各地尤其是乡村振兴重点帮扶县和易地搬迁集中安置区应聚焦政策衔接,千方百计为薄弱村(乡)脱贫监测户增收创造条件,优化整合各方资源,下足“聚力增长”功夫,做实精准帮扶文章,稳步向实现全体人民共同富裕的宏伟目标砥砺奋进。

  (本文为国家社科基金重点项目“健全城乡融合发展机制研究”(项目编号:21AZD035)和北京社会科学基金一般项目“‘一带一路’背景下习近平总书记关于扶贫工作重要论述的对外传播力提升研究”(20LLGLC066)的阶段性成果)

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